Biography of Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams

Wife of the second President of the United States, Abigail Adams is an example of one kind of life lived by women in colonial, Revolutionary and early post-Revolutionary America. While shes perhaps best known simply as an early First Lady (before the term was used) and mother of another President, and perhaps known for the stance she took for womens rights in letters to her husband, she should also be known as a competent farm manager and financial manager. Known for: First Lady, mother of John Quincy Adams, farm manager, letter writerDates: November 22 (11 old style), 1744 - October 28, 1818; married October 25, 1764Also known as: Abigail Smith AdamsPlaces: Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., United StatesOrganizations/Religion: Congregational, Unitarian Early Life Born Abigail Smith, the future First Lady was the daughter of a minister, William Smith, and his wife Elizabeth Quincy.  The family had long roots in Puritan America, and were part of the Congregational church.  Her father was part of the liberal wing within the church, an Arminian, distanced from Calvinist Congregational roots in predestination and questioning the truth of the traditional  doctrine of the Trinity. Educated at home, because there were few schools for girls and because she was often ill as a child,  Abigail Adams learned quickly and read widely. She also learned to write, and quite early began writing to family and friends. Abigail met John Adams in 1759 when he visited her fathers parsonage in Weymouth, Massachusetts.  They carried out their courtship in letters as Diana and Lysander.  They married in 1764, and moved first to Braintree and later to Boston.  Abigail bore five children, and one died in early childhood. Abigails marriage to John Adams was warm and loving‚—and also intellectually lively, to judge from their letters. Journey to First Lady After almost a decade of rather quiet family life,  John became involved in the Continental Congress. In 1774, John attended the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, while Abigail remained in Massachusetts, raising the family.  During his long absences over the next 10 years, Abigail managed the family and the farm and corresponded not only with her husband but with many family members and friends, including Mercy Otis Warren and Judith Sargent Murray.  She served as the primary educator of the children, including the future sixth U.S. president, John Quincy Adams. John served in Europe as a diplomatic representative from 1778, and as a representative  of the new nation, continued in that capacity. Abigail Adams joined him in 1784, first for a year in Paris then three in London. They returned to America in 1788. John Adams served as Vice President of the United States from 1789-1797 and then as President 1797-1801. Abigail spent some of her time at home, managing the family financial affairs, and part of her time in the federal capital, in Philadelphia most of those years and, very briefly, in the new White House in Washington, D.C. (November 1800 - March 1801). Her letters show that she was a strong supporter of his Federalist positions. After John retired from public life at the end of his presidency, the couple lived quietly in Braintree, Massachusetts.  Her letters also show that she was consulted by her son, John Quincy Adams. She was proud of him, and worried about her sons Thomas and Charles and her daughters husband, who were not so successful.  She took hard her daughters death in 1813.   Death Abigail Adams died in 1818 after contracting  typhus, seven years before her son, John Quincy Adams, became the sixth president of the U.S., but long enough to see him become Secretary of State in James Monroes administration. It is mostly through her letters that we know much about the life and personality of this intelligent and perceptive woman of colonial America and the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary period.  A collection of the letters was published in 1840 by her grandson, and more have followed. Among her positions expressed in the letters was a deep suspicion of slavery and racism, support for womens rights including married womens property rights and the right to education, and full acknowledgement by her death that she had become, religiously, a unitarian. Resources and Further Reading Akers, Charles W. Abigail Adams: An American Woman. Library of American Biography Series. 1999.Bober, Natalie S. Abigail Adams: Witness to a Revolution. 1998. Young adult book.  Cappon, Lester J. (editor). The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams. 1988.  Gelles, Edith B. Portia: The World of Abigail Adams. 1995 edition.  Levin, Phyllis Lee. Abigail Adams: A Biography. 2001.Nagel, Paul C. The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters. 1999 reprint.Nagel, Paul C. Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family. 1999 reprint.  Withey, Lynne. Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams. 2001.

Essay about Should Smoking Be Illegal - 825 Words

One of the largest and most problematic health issues in our society is smoking. Smoking is currently the leading cause of death in our country, due to its harmful and addicting contents, such as nicotine and tobacco. Although millions die from it each year, smoking is the single most preventable cause of death as well. Without smoking, a tremendous amount of money and lives will be saved. I think that our country should ban smoking and the production of cigarettes in order to maintain a healthier nation. Currently in our nation, about 22 % of the people smoke, which is about 60.7 million people. All of these people are losing about 12 years of life, just by smoking. Every year, 440,000 people die of smoking related†¦show more content†¦If the selling of cigarettes is made illegal, all of these companies would completely be out of business and thousands of workers would have lost their job. These companies would be put in debt because they could no longer make a profi t. Although it would be for the best, the entire tobacco industry would be outraged if smoking became illegal. Even though tobacco companies would lose hundred of millions of dollars by going out of business, our nation is already losing even more money from having smoking part of our society. For example, about 75 billion dollars of extra money is spent just on medical care for people with smoking related health problems. Because of this large demand for healthcare, every family in the nation spends about 600 extra dollars on taxes each year to cover these costs. An additional 50 billion dollars is lost in productivity each year, due to the costs of the tobacco industry. I think that all of this money should be used for different things such as scientific research or education. Instead of spending money on cigarettes, our government should be using its money on things that make positive affects on our country and its people. Passive smoking occurs when someone inhales the sm oke of someone smoking nearby. This can occur in restaurants, hotels and even at home. Studies show that non-smokers who live with aShow MoreRelatedSmoking Should Be Illegal742 Words   |  3 PagesApril 2017 Smoking should be Illegal Secondhand smoke is just as bad as smoking the cigarette yourself.Therefore smoking should be illegal because it causes cancer and it s highly addictive. People can die from lung cancer First,SMOKING CAN KILL† states â€Å"lung cancer is the No. 1 cancer killer in the United States for both men and women. It kills more people than breast, prostate, colon, liver, kidney and melanoma cancers combined. Lung cancer is caused by smoking. Next,â€Å"WARNING SMOKING CAN KILLRead MoreSecondhand Smoking Should Be Illegal1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn our generation smoking still exists even though there are some people who quit smoking and there are some still smoke in ages, however the only problem in our society, people who smoke around youngsters called as well as secondhand smoking is a detective around children and adults. It is important that secondhand smoke shouldn’t be smoking around their own children or underage due to health. Secondhand smoking, tobacco smoke is exhaled by a second smoker or is given off by burning tobacco andRead MoreShould Smoking Cigarette Be Illegal?685 Words   |  3 PagesShould Cigarette Smoki ng be Made Illegal? Name Institution Date A cigarette is a small cylinder like filled with cut tobacco leaves and rolled in a paper and ignited for smoking. In most countries, tobacco smoking is legal due to the businesses motives and also the people who are addicted. They cannot do without it. It has immense consequences, and it should, therefore, be illegal from the effects to the smokers, passive smokers and all the human beings due to the pollution of the environmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On The Baby887 Words   |  4 Pageswhile pregnant is completely unacceptable. The list of negative effects that smoking while pregnant have on the baby range from premature labor to brain defects. Clinical studies have proven the negative short and long term effects that smoking while pregnant can have on a baby. Smoking while pregnant should be illegal, due to the amount of negative effects it has on the baby. One of the most common effects of smoking while pregnant is premature labor. A premature birth is any birth before 37 weeksRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On The Baby893 Words   |  4 Pageswhile pregnant is completely unacceptable. The list of negative effects that smoking while pregnant have on the baby range from premature labor to brain defects. Clinical studies have proven the negative short and long term effects that smoking while pregnant can have on a baby. Smoking while pregnant should be illegal, due to the amount of negative effects it has on the baby. One of the most common effects of smoking while pregnant is premature labor. A premature birth is any birth before 37 weeksRead MoreCigarettes should be made illegal1565 Words   |  7 Pagessale of cigarettes should be made illegal Nowadays in the present world smoking cigarettes has become a trend for every age of people and they take it as a fashion. A statistics shows that nearly $8.37 billion are used by the cigarette industries on advertising and promotions annually. And almost $23 million are used every day for the same purpose. The production and sale of cigarettes not only has negative impact on human health, it can even cause death. Because of smoking more than 5 millionRead MoreShould Cigarettes Be Banned in the U.S.?1400 Words   |  6 PagesShould Cigarettes Be Banned in the U.S.? Tobacco has been around in the world for over 2.5 million years. It was not until a few hundred years ago when the tobacco industry decided to put these crops into use and conjure up tobacco products for the community. A popular tobacco product in society is cigarettes, as they are cheap and simple to use. As long as one is over eighteen, acquiring cigarettes is a straightforward process for a reasonable price, albeit the sin tax. It was not until recentlyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Legal?1706 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking tobacco has been in existence for thousands of years. For most of its existence smoking has been acceptable, tolerable, and permitted in our mainstream society. In recent years, smoking tobacco has been under scrutiny. Smoking bans have been introduced to restrict smokers from smoking in public and private places. For example, restaurants, bars, hotels, parks, and beaches throughout the United States have established the bans against public smoking. I discovered th is has significance as itRead More America Needs a Complete Smoking Ban Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pageschildren are exposed to secondhand smoke, many develop life threatening diseases later in life as a result of that exposure. In the United States, smoking should be banned while in the presence of children. Children’s lungs are vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke, and this can cause serious problems down the road. Some states have already banned smoking in public and others are in the process. Secondhand smoke exposure has the possibility of causing nicotine dependence in adolescent (nicotineRead MoreShould Cigarettes Be Banned in the U.S.?1444 Words   |  6 Pagesnicotine and other hazardous chemicals to the body, cigarettes also cause a whole host of health implications to the user and the people around him or her. Aside from these health implications, cigarettes should not be banned in the U.S. because of the exaggeration of the results of secondhand smoking , the similarity of the Prohibition era, the devastation of the U.S. economy, and the freedom of one’s own actions. The two main reasons why people want cigarettes to be banned is because of the health

Ancient Cassiterides Free Essays

Ancient geography The Cassiterides, meaning Tin Islands (from the Greek word for tin: /Kassiteros), are an ancient geographical name of islands that were regarded as situated somewhere near the west coasts of Europe. The traditional assumption, ignoring Strabo, is that Cassiterides refer to Great Britain, based on the significant tin deposits in Cornwall. Herodotus (430 BC) had only dimly heard of the Cassiterides, â€Å"from which we are said to have our tin,† but did not discount the islands as legendary. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Cassiterides or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3] Later writers — Posidonius, Diodorus Siculus,[4] Strabo[5] and others — call them smallish islands off (â€Å"some way off,† Strabo says) the northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula, which contained tin mines or, according to Strabo, tin and lead mines. A passage in Diodorus derives the name rather from their nearness to the tin districts of Northwest Iberia. Ptolemy and Dionysios Periegetes mentioned them — the former as ten small islands in Northwest Iberia far off the coast and arranged symbolically as a ring, and the latter in connection with the mythical Hesperides. Probably written in the first century BC, the verse Circumnavigation of the World, whose anonymous author is called the â€Å"Pseudo-Scymnus,† places two tin islands on the upper part of the Adriatic Sea and mentioned the marketplace Osor on the island of Cres, where extraordinary high-quality tin could be bought. [6][7] Pliny the Elder, on the other hand, represents the Cassiterides as fronting Celtiberia. At a time when geographical knowledge of the West was still scanty, and when the secrets of the tin-trade were still successfully guarded by the seamen of Gades and others who dealt in the metal, the Greeks knew only that tin came to them by sea from the far West, and the idea of tin-producing islands easily arose. Later, when the West was better explored, it was found that tin actually came from two regions: Northwest Iberia and Cornwall. Diodorus reports: â€Å"For there are many mines of tin in the country above Lusitania and on the islets which lie off Iberia out in the ocean and are called because of that fact the Cassiterides. † According to Diodorus tin also came from Britannia to Gaul and thence was brought overland to Massilia and Narbo. [8] Neither of these could be called small islands or described as off the Northwest coast of Iberia, and so the Greek and Roman geographers did not identify either as the Cassiterides. Instead, they became a third, ill-understood source of tin, conceived of as distinct from Iberia or Britain. Od najdawniejszych czasow Brytania znana byla ze swych zloz metali. Fenicjanie i Kartaginczycy sprowadzali stad glownie cyne (plumbum album). Jej glowne zloza wystepowaly w starozytnosci, podobnie jak dzis, na wybrzezu Kornwalii i wyspach stanowiacych jej przedluzenie, slynnych „Wyspach Cynowych† (insulae Cassiterides). W srodkowych rejonach wyspy obficie wystepuje zelazo, ktorego zloza powierzchniowe eksploatowali Brytowie, a z glebokich kopalni wydobywali je Rzymianie. Rzymianie tez rozpoczeli eksploatacje bogatych pokladow miedzi, ktore wystepuja glownie na terenie dzis. Kornwalii, Cardigenshire i Anglesey w poblizu Llandundo. Gory Walii byly natomiast terenami zlotodajnymi kopano tam tez srebro. Tacyt mowi po prostu: „Brytania dostarcza zlota, srebra i innych metali, ktore sa nagroda za zwyciestwo. †Ã‚   Wyobraznie rzymskich najezdzcow rozbudzaly tez inne legendarne bogactwa wyspy, o ktorych opowiada niezastapiony Tacyt: „Ocean rodzi perly lecz nieco sine i blade. † How to cite Ancient Cassiterides, Papers

Management For Organizational Excellence -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management For Organizational Excellence? Answer: Introduction Customer communications cover the field that requires an organization to take measures related to communication that enables continuous exchange of interactive information across customer networks to build profitable relationships with customers. There is a growing demand for efficient customer service among customers for addressing their personal needs and requirements. Hence, it is the goal of the customer communication to establish, expand and maintain customer retention and customer relationships. This paper aims at evaluating and analyzing the role of customer communication in efficient management. The first section of the paper discusses and provides a general idea on customer communication. The second section of the paper discusses the areas where customer communication must be implemented and the ways through which they can be incorporated or executed. The third and final section of the paper points out the advantage and benefits of effective customer communication that can p rove beneficial for a business organization. Overview of Customer Communications Management (CCM) With the rising awareness of the importance of customer communication, customers have become more likely to engage and communicate with the vendors. Hence, customers preferences for efficient and effective communication with their vendors are also increasing. Therefore, it has become important for companies to pay attention to the needs of customers by maintaining effective communication with the customers. Customer communication helps the business organizations to frame, personalize and convey information to the customers about their products, services and support throughout their lifecycle through various output media (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The platforms for communicating with the customers can be many, such as marketing, adopting new products, transactions of purchases, and supporting the customers and responding to their queries. Effective customer communications management helps in enhancing the customer experience, end-to-end. Successful and effective implementation of CCM s trategies allows a business organization to engage the customers more personally with the industry while effectively communicating with them via various channels with very little effort. With the emergence and advent of a digital age, customers have become more digitalized as well. Traditionally, the journey of the customers had been linear starting from identifying or discovering an object to evaluating the same to finally purchasing it. However, to state facts, today customers are digital and require a kind of flexibility in the communications processes taking place from the side of the business organization (Alteren and Tudoran 2016). The customers want to be better advised and prefer to have better knowledge on the options they have beforehand and this can be made through effective communications with the customers. Areas of Implementation of Customer Communication The most important tools for customer communication are the ones that help in the establishment of stable customer relationships. In fact, it has been seen that having active communications with the customers is the most effective way to engage customers into interacting. Moreover, indulging the priority customers into active communication is the most effective way to ensure growth of business profitability through customer retention and the establishment of customer loyalty that can prove to be a competitive advantage for business organizations (Mahr, Lievens and Blazevic 2014). Therefore, customer communications has become a number one priority for most business organizations especially given to the fact that there has been a rise in the existence of similar products in the market. In other words, it can be said that customer communications has become necessary for the establishment of trust and reliance among customers and to optimize the operations of customer management of compa nies while providing guarantee for the growth in customer retention rates and for the establishment of long-term customer relationships. However, it is a fact that many companies do not rely on interactive communication with the customers. They encourage hand written mails for the purpose of communicating with the customers since they consider it to be more personal and therefore hopes to establish a better and more stable and personal relationship with the customers. However, such a method of implementing customer communications is not efficient enough. It is so because such approaches to implementation often does not contain any idea on how to address or solve personalized communications (Berger and Iyengar 2013). Furthermore, such types of communication often face technical and organizational glitches as well as the problems associated with limited investment resources. With the emergence of the Web 2.0 and advanced technologies, customers have started preferring active interactions via the web-based media apart from the traditional media (Choudhury and Harrigan 2014). Hence, companies have started giving the web the most importance to carry out active communication with the customers. They have started using platforms like the social media, the customer feedback channels, web pages and official sites and e-mails for communicating information with the customers. Moreover, concepts such as the Customer Relationships Management (CRM) and Enterprise Content Management (ECM) are all integrated within the customer communications framework. The major areas that should be focused on for an active customer communication resulting in a greater customer experience are customer feedback and satisfaction, and customer engagement in company policies (Cornelissen and Cornelissen 2017). Addressing customer feedbacks is essential since it develops within the customers a sense of importance. Responding to the grievances and issues of the customers through active communication facilitates the establishment of the customers trust on the companies as well as renders them a sense of satisfaction on being heard (Filip 2013). Moreover, they feel closer and are able to identify with the organization on a personal level. They also feel ensured that they can reach the organization whenever necessary and their issues will be heard and that the company is always at their service. With regard to customer engagement in the company policies, customer communication plays an important role. Active customer communication from the side of the compa ny, allows the customers to receive information about the company and therefore gain a more elaborate view of the company. Moreover, it enables the customers to play an active role in the decision-making activities of the company as high priority stakeholders since it is they who are affected the most from the company decisions. Customer communication should also be implemented to help the customers gain knowledge about the (Bruhn and Schnebelen 2017)new products adopted by the company along with any new changes made in the old products. Moreover, customer communication helps the companies to get valuable insights from the customers as to any new recommendations or changes that should be made in the company policies and management for the betterment of the companies. Hence, customer communication strategies should be implemented at areas that require and ensure active and interactive participation of both the customers and the companies through mainly web based and digital platforms . Benefits of Customer Communications and Scope for its Improvement It must be noted that customer experience is one of the factors that decides the success of a business organization. To ensure greater customer experience, companies must engage in active interaction with the customers. Active communication between customers and companies can be beneficial for the business in a number of ways. First, it results in the enhancement of customer service that serves as a major concern among the customers of the 21st century. Second, it helps in gaining important feedbacks form the customers that prove beneficial for the companies in case some strategies or provisions need to be improved (Cui and Wu 2016). Third, customer communication between customers and companies helps in maintaining a positive brand image. Fourth, effective customer communication management helps in establishing brand loyalty among customers (Dimyati 2015). Fifth, effective customer communication ensures customer retention and enables the company to attract new customers and thereby e xpand the business. Sixth, effective customer communication that leads to greater customer experience helps the company to achieve growth in their revenue and profitability. Seventh, efficient customer communications management also ensures positive promotion of the brand through word-of-mouth (Blazevic et al. 2013). Eighth, customer communication is more likely to cost less reducing the need for extensive marketing and expenses required for campaigns aimed at customer retention. Ninth, effective customer communication will create open platforms comprising of opportunities to up-sell and cross-sell. Tenth, and finally, it has been seen often that customers who are engaged in effective and active communication with the companies are more likely to forgive and forget a mistake on the part of the company. Effective customer communication can be achieved and improved in a number of ways. Companies must develop web-based and digital platforms for improving the standards of customer communication (Samson, Mehta and Chandani 2014). Companies must engage and economics the customers to share their feedbacks and issues and must respond immediately to the grievances of the customers (Filip 2013). Companies must also inform the customers about any new products or policies adopted via the communicating platforms like social media, traditional media, and official sites of the company. Companies must conduct surveys among customers and gain perceptions of their satisfaction level on the operations and management of the company and ask for their suggestions as how to improve them and then act accordingly. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that customer communication is an essential paradigm related to business management. Effective communication with customers not only helps the organizations to attend to the demands of the customers, but also helps in ensuring greater customer experience. In fact, interacting with customers on an active basis ensures better customer service that is necessary for customer retention and establishing customer brand loyalty. References Alteren, G. and Tudoran, A.A., 2016. Enhancing export performance: Betting on customer orientation, behavioral commitment, and communication.International Business Review,25(1), pp.370-381. Berger, J. and Iyengar, R., 2013. Communication channels and word of mouth: How the medium shapes the message.Journal of consumer research,40(3), pp.567-579. Blazevic, V., Hammedi, W., Garnefeld, I., Rust, R.T., Keiningham, T., Andreassen, T.W., Donthu, N. and Carl, W., 2013. Beyond traditional word-of-mouth: an expanded model of customer-driven influence.Journal of Service Management,24(3), pp.294-313. Bruhn, M. and Schnebelen, S., 2017. Integrated marketing communicationfrom an instrumental to a customer-centric perspective.European Journal of Marketing,51(3), pp.464-489. Choudhury, M.M. and Harrigan, P., 2014. CRM to social CRM: the integration of new technologies into customer relationship management.Journal of Strategic Marketing,22(2), pp.149-176. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Cui, A.S. and Wu, F., 2016. Utilizing customer knowledge in innovation: antecedents and impact of customer involvement on new product performance.Journal of the academy of marketing science,44(4), pp.516-538. Dimyati, M., 2015. The Role of Customer Satisfaction in Mediating Marketing Communication Effect on Customer Loyalty.Researchers World,6(4), p.75. Filip, A., 2013. Complaint management: A customer satisfaction learning process.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,93, pp.271-275. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Mahr, D., Lievens, A. and Blazevic, V., 2014. The value of customer cocreated knowledge during the innovation process.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(3), pp.599-615. Samson, R., Mehta, M. and Chandani, A., 2014. Impact of online digital communication on customer buying decision.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.872-880.